Genome of the long-living sacred lotus ( Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn.). A list of 30 sequenced but unassembled thermal proteins of Nelumbo is supplemented. One Nelumbo protein-repair enzyme exhibits activity at 100Â☌, having a higher heat-tolerance than that of Arabidopsis. More than half of the Nelumbo thermal proteins (55%) are present in the archaean Mj, indicating their long-term durability and history. These thermal proteins have roles in protection and repair under stress. The amino-acid sequences of 11 “thermal proteins†(soluble at 100Â☌) of modern Nelumbo embryo-axes and cotyledons, identified by mass spectrometry, Western blot and bioassay, are assembled and aligned with those of an archaeal-hyperthermophile Methancaldococcus jannaschii (Mj an anaerobic methanogen having a growth optimum of 85Â☌) and with five mesophile angiosperms. We show proteins of Nelumbo fruit that are able to withstand heating, 31% of which remained soluble in the 110Â☌-treated embryo-axis of a 549-yr-old fruit and 76% retained fluidity in its cotyledons. Proteins that are heat stable and have protective function may be equally important to seed viability. The pericarp, a fruit tissue that encloses the single seeds of Nelumbo, is considered one of the major factors that contribute to fruit longevity. China Antique from NE China have viability as long as ~1300 years determined by direct radiocarbon-dating, having a germination rate of 84%. Single-seeded fruit of the sacred lotus Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn var. Lindner, Petra Xie, Yongming Villa, Sarah Wooding, Kerry Clarke, Steven G. Thermal-stable proteins of fruit of long-living Sacred Lotus Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn var. It also occupies a unique position in the phylogeny of land plants and can be a useful species for studies. Nelumbo nucifera ( Sacred Lotus) is a basal eudicot with exceptional physiological and metabolic properties including seed longevity, adaptations for an aquatic habit, and floral thermiogenesis. USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database The basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor family in the sacred lotus, Nelumbo nucifera In summary, this is the first in silico analysis of the GRAS gene family in sacred lotus, which will provide valuable information for further molecular and biological analyses of this important gene family. Eight of the ten PAT1-clade GRAS genes, particularly NnuGRAS-05, NnuGRAS-10 and NnuGRAS-25, were preferentially expressed in rhizome and root. Based on publically available RNA-seq data generated from leaf, petiole, rhizome and root, we found that most of the sacred lotus GRAS genes exhibited a tissue-specific expression pattern. Comparative analysis identified 42 orthologous and 9 co-orthologous gene pairs between sacred lotus and Arabidopsis, and 35 orthologous and 22 co-orthologous gene pairs between sacred lotus and rice. In addition, the gene structures and motifs of the sacred lotus GRAS proteins were characterized in detail. In this study, we identified 38 GRAS genes in sacred lotus ( Nelumbo nucifera), analyzed their physical and chemical characteristics and performed phylogenetic analysis using the GRAS genes from eight representative plant species to show the evolution of GRAS genes in Planta. The GRAS gene family has been well characterized in many higher plants such as Arabidopsis, rice, Chinese cabbage, tomato and tobacco. The GRAS gene family is one of the most important plant-specific gene families, which encodes transcriptional regulators and plays an essential role in plant development and physiological processes. Genome-wide identification and characterization of GRAS transcription factors in sacred lotus ( Nelumbo nucifera)
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